In an earlier post, I referenced "Externalizing Asylum: A Compendium of Scientific Knowledge," a new resource that aims to offer "scientifically rigorous information [in order to] enrich public debates and help to identify humane asylum practices." In order to support this endeavor, I have attempted to bring together many of the externalization-related resources that I have referenced over the years in this thematic round-up. It is definitely not comprehensive, though: I have highlighted books, book chapters, special journal issues, journal articles, and reports, but not blog posts or multimedia. In addition, I focused my searches on instances of the term "externalization" and its variations; this means that many relevant publications that discuss specific types of externalization practices have not necessarily been included. I will continue to add to this round-up as new items are identified.
For a brief explainer on "externalization," check out this overview from Jeff Crisp.
Books/book chapters:
"Absolute Rightlessness Sur Place through Excessive Externalisation," Chapter in European Yearbook on Human Rights 2019 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Jan. 2020) [preprint]
"Australia’s Extraterritorial Asylum Policies and the Making of Transit Sites," Chapter in Critical Perspectives on Migration in the Twenty-First Century (E-International Relations, Aug. 2018) [open access]
"Australia’s Extraterritorial Border Control Policies," Chapter 4 in Beyond Borders: The Human Rights of Non-Citizens at Home and Abroad (Cambridge Univ. Press, Aug. 2021) [open access]
"Challenging the Externalised Obstruction of Asylum: The Application of the Right to Asylum to EU Cooperation with Libyan Coast Guards," Chapter in Asylum and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Editoriale Scientifica, 2018) [open access]
- Scroll to p. 203
The EU Pact on Migration and Asylum in Light of the United Nations Global Compact on Refugees: International Experiences on Containment and Mobility and Their Impacts on Trust and Rights (European Univ. Institute, March 2021) [open access]
"European Union-Extraterritorialisation in the Western Balkans: The Case of the Frontex-Serbia Status Agreement," Chapter in The Application of EU Law Beyond Its Borders, CLEER Papers, no. 3 (T.M.C. Asser Institute, 2022) [full-text]
- Scroll to p. 111.
"The External Dimensions of EU Migration and Asylum Policies in Times of Crisis," Chapter in Constitutionalising the External Dimension of EU Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: Legality, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights Reconsidered (Edward Elgar, 2019) [free full-text via CEPS]
"Extraterritorial Immigration Control, Preventive Justice and The Rule of Law in Turbulent Times," Chapter in Constitutionalising the External Dimension of EU Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: Legality, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights Reconsidered (Edward Elgar, 2019) [preprint]
"Extraterritorial Migration Control and Deterrence," Chapter in Oxford Handbook in International Refugee Law (Oxford University Press, 2021) [SSRN]
"Extraterritorial non-refoulement: intersections between human rights and refugee law," Chapter in Contemporary Challenges in Securing Human Rights (University of London, 2015) [open access]
“Interdiction in the Mediterranean Sea: From Unilateral to Multilateral Cooperation,” Chapter in Refugee Externalisation Policies: Responsibility, Legitimacy and Accountability (Routledge, Jan. 2024) [preprint]
"Introduction," Chapter in Migration Law and the Externalization of Border Controls: European State Responsibility (Routledge, March 2019) [Academia]
Migration Control Logics and Strategies in Europe: A North-South Comparison (Springer, April 2023) [open access]
- Includes a sub-section on "The Externalisation of Control."
"The Migration Crisis and the European Union Border Regime," Chapter in EU Law Beyond EU Borders: The Extraterritorial Reach of EU Law (Oxford Univ. Press, 2019) [SSRN]
"Nowhere countries: When states use extra-territoriality at home to circumvent legal, human and refugee rights," Chapter in Routledge Handbook on Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations (Routledge, Dec. 2021) [open access]
- Scroll to p. 65.
"Part III: Migration and Refugee Protection," Section in Routledge Handbook on Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations (Routledge, Dec. 2021) [open access]
- Scroll to p. 151; four chapters are included.
Shaping the Normative Contours of the European Union: A Migration-Border Framework (CIDOB, 2010) [full-text via Euro. Comm.]
"'They must be escorted back nicely': Disclaimed responsibility and renewed plans for externalising asylum in Denmark and the United Kingdom," Chapter in Danish Foreign Policy Review 2023 (Danish Institute of International Studies, June 2023) [full-text]
- Scroll to p. 83.
Special journal issues/thematic collections:
Cahiers d’Études africaines, no. 254 (2024) [delayed open access]
- Special dossier on "Les équivoques de la dissuasion à la migration = The Ambiguities of Migration Deterrence." The introduction is free to read. The full-texts of the remaining articles will become available in two years.
Comparative Migration Studies (March 2019-Jan. 2020) [open access]
- Special issue on "Externalization at work: Responses to migration policies from the Global South."
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 41, no. 1 (Feb. 2023) [open access/free full-text]
- Special issue on "Border and Im/mobility entanglements in the Mediterranean."
European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 20, no. 4 (Nov. 2018) [contents]
- Special issue on "Controlling Migration through International Cooperation." The introduction and three articles are open access.
European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 26, no. 2 (June 2024) [contents]
- Special issue on "Asylum for Containment: The contradictions of European external asylum policy." The introduction is freely available and one article is open access.
European Papers: A Journal on Law and Integration, vol. 8, no. 2 (2023) [open access]
- Features special section on "The Externalisation of EU Migration Policies in Light of EU Constitutional Principles and Values."
Forced Migration Review, no. 68 (Nov. 2021) [archived issue]
- FMR68 "includes a major feature on Externalisation. With States increasingly taking action beyond their own borders to prevent the arrival of refugees and asylum seekers, we examine the consequences for protection."
Global Affairs, vol. 5, no. 3 (2019) [contents]
- Theme issue on "The Externalization of EU’s migration policies: contestation and critique." Two articles are open access.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 49, no. 12 (2023) [contents]
- Special issue on "EU External Migration Policy and EU Migration Governance." The introduction is freely available and seven articles are open access.
Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 71, no. 1 (May 2024) [contents]
- Special issue on "Externalisation of Migration and Border Controls and Accountability Challenges in International Law." Seven articles are open acccess.
Journal articles:
"Airport Casualties: Non-Admission and Return Risks at Times of Internalized/Externalized Border Controls," Social Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3 (Sept. 2015) [open access]
"Australia’s Irregular Migration Information Campaigns: Border Externalization, Spatial Imaginaries, and Extraterritorial Subjugation," Territory, Politics, Governance, vol. 5, no. 3 (2017) [Academia]
"Bifurcation of People, Bifurcation of Law: Externalization of Migration Policy Before the EU Court of Justice," Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 31, no. 2 (June 2018) [full-text via VU IR]
"Border-induced Displacement: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Distance-creation through Externalization," Questions of International Law, 28 Feb. 2019 [open access]
"The Borders Beyond the Border: Australia’s Extraterritorial Migration Controls," Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 3 (2017) [Academia]
"Breaking the legal link but not the law? The externalization of EU migration control through orchestration in the Central Mediterranean," Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 28, no. 6 (2021) [open access]
"Bringing externalization home: the International Civil Aviation Organization and ‘entry screening’ in Australia," Globalizations, Latest Articles, 11 Nov. 2021 [postprint]
"Conceptualising Externalization Migration Management Strategy in the East and Horn of Africa Region," Horn Bulletin, vol. V, no. V (Sept.-Oct. 2022) [full-text]
- Scroll to p. 33.
"The Danish and British Asylum Externalization Schemes: Details and Impediments," Journal of War and Peace Studies, vol. 5 (Oct. 2023) [full-text]
- Scroll to p. 157.
"EU border externalisation and security outsourcing: exploring the migration industry in Libya," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 48, no. 17 (2022) [open access]
"The EU external border as a site of preventive (in)justice," European Law Journal, vol. 28, no. 4-6 (2022) [open access]
"The EU’s Approach to the Extraterritorial Processing of Asylum Claims and Its Compliance with International Law," Revista General de Derecho Europeo, no. 53 (2021) [preprint]
"Externalisation, Access to Territorial Asylum, and International Law," International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 34, no. 1 (March 2022) [free full-text]
- This analytical paper provides a legal analysis for the positions set up in the Refugee Law Initiative's Declaration on on Externalisation and Asylum.
"L’Externalisation des Politiques Migratoires au Niger: Une Action Publique Opportuniste?," Anthropologie & Développement, no. 51 (2020) [open access]
"Externalising Migration Controls through Development Programs in Egypt," Geopolitics, Latest Articles, 23 Feb. 2024 [Academia]
"Externalization and Securitization as Policy Responses to African Migration to the European Union," African Human Mobility Review, vol. 6, no. 3 (Sept.-Dec. 2020) [open access]
"Externalization Beyond 'Immigration Risk'? UK Borderwork Creep in Africa and its Cumulative Rippling Effects," International Migration Review, OnlineFirst, 5 Sept 2024 [open access]
"The Externalization of the EU's Southern Border in Light of the EU/Libya Framework Agreement: A Lawful Alternative or a Neo-Refoulement Strategy?," Vienna Journal on International Constitutional Law, vol. 6, no. 1 (2012) [ResearchGate]
"Externalized Borders and the Invisible Refugee," Columbia Human Rights Law Review, vol. 40, no. 3 (Spring 2009) [full-text]
"Externalized Within, Everyday Bordering Processes Affecting Undocumented Moroccans in the Borderlands of Ceuta and Melilla, Spain," Journal of Borderlands Studies, Latest Articles, 30 June 2023 [postprint]
"Externalizing Migration Management through Soft Law: The Case of the Memorandum of Understanding between Libya and Italy," Global Jurist, vol. 20, no. 1 (2019) [ResearchGate]
"The extra-territorial processing of asylum claims," Forced Migration Review, no. 51 (Jan. 2016) [open access]
"Extraterritorial Application and Customary Norm Assessment of Non-Refoulement: The Legality of Australia's 'Turn-Back' Policy," University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review, vol. 17, no. 1 (2015) [open access]
"The Extraterritorial Processing of Claims to Asylum or Protection: The Legal Responsibilities of States and International Organisations," UTS Law Review, vol. 9 (2007) [full-text]
"Forced Migrations and Externalization of European Union Border Control: Serbia on the Balkan Migration Route," International Migration, vol. 58, no. 3 (June 2020) [Academia]
"Fragile Buffer Zones: The Externalization Dynamism in the Field of Border Security and Possible Alternatives," Zeitschrift für Migrationsforschung = Journal of Migration Studies, vol. 2, no. 1 (2022) [open access]
"Global Migration and Extraterritorial Controls: The Case of International Refugee Policy in Ukraine," International Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 3 (2016) [ResearchGate]
"The Impact of Externalization of Migration Controls on the Rights of Asylum Seekers and Other Migrants," Journal on Migration and Human Security, vol. 4, no. 4 (2016) [open access]
"Instruments of Evasion: The Global Dispersion of Rights-Restricting Migration Policies," California Law Review, vol. 110, Symposium issue (June 2022) [full-text]
"International Delegation and Agency in the Externalization Process of EU Migration and Asylum Policy: The Role of the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger," European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 21, no. 4 (2019) [ResearchGate]
"Is Australia a Model for the UK? A Critical Assessment of Parallels of Cruelty in Refugee Externalization Policies," Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 36, no. 2 (June 2023) [open access]
"Mapping EU Externalisation Devices through a Critical Eye," European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 26, no. 1 (2024) [open access]
"Non-Refoulement and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: State Sovereignty and Migration Controls at Sea in the European Context," Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 30, no. 1 (March 2017) [free full-text]
"Not for Export: The Failure of Australia’s Extraterritorial Processing Regime in Papua New Guinea and the Decision of the PNG Supreme Court in Namah (2016)," Monash University Law Review, vol. 42, no. 2 (2016) [full-text]
"On board the quarantine-ship as 'floating hotspot': Creeping externalization practices in the Mediterranean Sea," Ethnography, OnlineFirst, 21 May 2022 [free full-text]
"On ‘Safety’ and EU Externalization of Borders: Questioning the Role of Tunisia as a ‘Safe Country of Origin’ and a ‘Safe Third Country’," European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 24, no. 4 (Dec. 2022) [open access]
"Outsourcing Control: The International Organization for Migration in Indonesia," International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 22, no. 5 (2018) [Academia]
"Outsourcing Migration Management: The Role of the Western Balkans in the European Refugee Crisis," Migration Information Source, 17 Aug. 2017 [text]
"Overseas immigration liaison officers: ‘Knowledge brokers’ and transnational spaces of mid-level negotiations shaping extraterritorial migration control practices," Migration Studies, vol. 10, no. 1 (2022) [open access]
"Performing Border Externalisation: Media Deterrence Campaigns and Neoliberal Belonging," Geopolitics, vol. 29, no. 4 (2024) [Zenodo]
"Peripheralisation and externalisation of the EU asylum regime: implications for the right to seek asylum on the southeastern EU border islands," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 48, no. 19 (2022) [open access]
"Policy diffusion across political ideologies: explaining Denmark’s desire to externalise asylum," West European Politics, Latest Articles, 20 May 2024 [open access]
"The Politics of Exhaustion and the Externalization of British Border Control: An Articulation of a Strategy Designed to Deter, Control and Exclude," International Migration, vol. 59, no. 3 (June 2021) [open access]
"The proximity of the past in Mauritania: EU border externalisation and its colonial antecedents," Anthropologie & Développement, no. 51 (2020) [open access]
"Push and back: The ripple effect of EU border externalisation from Croatia to Iran," Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 41, no. 5 (2023) [postprint]
"Re-(B)ordering: The Impact of the European Union’s Externalisation of Migration on the Human Rights of Migrants in Libya," Journal of Modern Slavery, vol. 8, no. 1 (2023) [full-text]
"Refugee Responsibility Sharing or Responsibility Dumping?," California Law Review, vol. 110, Symposium issue (June 2022) [full-text]
"Refugee Women and the Gendered Violence of Australia’s Extraterritorial Asylum Regime on Nauru," Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 3 (Sept. 2022) [free full-text]
"Reorienting EU Border Externalization Studies: A Decolonial Intersectional Approach," Geopolitics, Latest Articles, 8 Feb. 2024 [open access]
"Revolving Doors: How Externalization Policies Block Refugees and Deflect Other Migrants across Migration Routes," Population and Development Review, Early View, 23 July 2024 [open access]
"Rings in the Water: Felt Externalisation in the Extended EU borderlands," Geopolitics, vol. 29, no. 3 (2024) [free full-text]
"Some Observations on the Legal Responsibility of States and International Organizations in the Extraterritorial Processing of Asylum Claims," Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, vol. 25, no. 1 (2016) [postprint]
"'Stop the Boats!' Externalising the Borders of Australia and Imaginary Pathologies of Contagion," Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law, vol. 29, no. 2 (2015) [SSRN]
"'Street-level' agents operating beyond 'remote control': how overseas liaison officers and foreign state officials shape UK extraterritorial migration management," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 47, no. 1 (2021) [open access]
"Technology and Countersurveillance: Holding Governments Accountable for Refugee Externalisation Policies," Globalizations, Latest Articles, 28 March 2022 [preprint]
"Translating EUrope’s Return Migration Regime to The Gambia: The Incorporation of Local CSOs," Geopolitics, vol. 28, no. 3 (2023) [full-text via Radboud Univ.]
"Trust in Transit: External Migration Control and Migrants’ Perceptions of Humanitarian Borderwork in the Sahel," International Migration Review, OnlineFirst, 17 June 2024 [open access]
"Tunisia’s Role in the EU External Migration Policy: Crimmigration Law, Illegal Practices, and Their Impact on Human Rights," Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 20, no. 1 (Feb. 2019) [open access]
"Unpacking the Safe Third Country Concept in the European Union: B/orders, Legal Spaces, and Asylum in the Shadow of Externalization," International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 35, no. 3 (Oct. 2023) [open access]
"Visions of the Realistic? Denmark's Legal Basis for Extraterritorial Asylum," Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 91, no. 2 (Feb. 2022) [preprint]
"Who is doing asylum in Niger? State bureaucrats’ perspectives and strategies on the externalization of refugee protection," Anthropologie & Développement, no. 51 (2020) [open access]
Reports:
The 2023 Italy-Albania protocol on extraterritorial migration management: A worst practice in migration and asylum policies (CEPS, Dec. 2023) [text]
Asylum for Containment: EU arrangements with Niger, Serbia, Tunisia and Turkey = L’endiguement par l’asile: Dispositifs de l’UE avec le Niger, la Serbie, la Tunisie et la Turquie (ASILE Project, March 2023) [access]
- Follow link for report in English and French.
Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies (CONREP) Project [access]
- The CONREP project "researches the impact and effects of the externalisation of refugee policies in two regions: Australia's activities in Southeast Asia and the Pacific; and the European Union and its member states' activities in North Africa." Here is the publications page.
Cutting Off the Flow: Extraterritorial Controls to Prevent Migration (Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy, July 2011) [archived text]
The EU externalization of its external border control to North Africa and beyond: Its impact on the people and third countries of the region (American Univ. in Cairo & IOM, Fall 2021) [text]
The European Union's Externalisation Policy in the Field of Migration and Asylum: Turkey as a Case Study, Working Paper, no. 6 (RESPOND Project, March 2021) [text]
Expanding the Fortress: The Policies, the Profiteers and the People Shaped by EU's Border Externalisation Programme (Transnational Institute, May 2018) [text via ReliefWeb]
External Processing: A Tool to Expand Protection or Further Restrict Territorial Asylum? (Migration Policy Institute, Feb. 2023) [text]
Externalisation (UNHCR Representation in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific, Jan. 2022) [access]
Externalisation and Access to Asylum: An Investigation into Australia’s Migration Control Cooperation with Indonesia, Dissertation (Monash Univ., 2022) [text]
Externalisation in Central America: Deportations, Migration Agreements and Humanitarian Needs, REDLAC Violence and Protection in the North of Central America, Snapshot no. 7 (Norwegian Refugee Council et al., Jan. 2020) [text via ReliefWeb]
The Externalisation of EU Asylum Policy: The Position of African States (Danish Institute for International Studies, 2007) [text]
The externalisation of European refugee protection: A legal, practical and political assessment of current proposals, SWP Comment, no. 13 (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, March 2024) [text]
"The externalisation of the asylum function in the European Union," GRITIM Working Paper, no. 4 (Grup de Recerca Interdisciplinari en Immigració, Spring 2010) [text]
Externalization and the UN global compact on refugees: unsafety as ripple effect, RSC Policy Paper, no. 12 (European Univ. Institute, Oct. 2022) [text]
Extraterritorial Processing in Europe: Is ‘Regional Protection’ the Answer, and If Not, What Is?, Policy Brief, no. 1 (Kaldor Centre, May 2015) [text]
Extraterritorial processing of asylum claims (European Parliamentary Research Service, Jan. 2024) [text]
The extraterritorialisation of asylum and the advent of "protection lite," DIIS Working Paper 2007/2, by T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Danish Institute for International Studies, Jan 2007) [text]
Gradations of Externalisation: Is the EU Sailing Towards Offshoring Asylum Processing?, Forced Migration Unit Policy Brief, no. 3 (Univ. of Nottingham, May 2018) [text]
Mapping the external dimension on EU migration and asylum policies: what impact on the governance of asylum? [text]
Maritime interception operations and the processing of international protection claims: legal standards and policy considerations with respect to extraterritorial processing (UNHCR, Nov. 2010) [text]
Migration Governance and asYlum Crises (MAGYC) Project [access]
- See work package no. 8, "External Dimensions of the Crisis": "The aim of this Work Package is to understand how the EU externalization policy intersects with intra-regional dynamics in the ME and Africa and offer new grounds and venues to engage with an efficient and forward-looking migration policy making with partner States and other international actors."
Outsourcing borders: Monitoring EU externalisation policy - Bulletins (Statewatch 2024) [access]
Outsourcing oppression: How Europe externalises migrant detention beyond its shores (Transnational Institute, April 2021) [text]
Places of Safety in the Mediterranean: The EU’s Policy of Outsourcing Responsibility (Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Feb. 2020) [text via ECRE]
The politics of extraterritorial processing: offshore asylum policies in Europe and the Pacific, RSC Working Paper, no. 36 (Refugee Studies Centre, 2006) [text]
Pushing Back Protection: How Offshoring and Externalization Imperil the Right to Asylum (National Immigrant Justice Center, Aug. 2021) [access]
Refugees in Legal Limbo: Another Overlooked Casualty of Externalising Asylum at any Cost (HIAS & Equal Rights Beyond Borders, June 2021) [text]
Shifting Borders: Externalising Migrant Vulnerabilities and Rights? (Red Cross EU Office & IFRC, Nov. 2013) [text]
UK-Rwanda Asylum Partnership (UNHCR) [access]
- Follow link for "observations and public statements UNHCR has released with regard to the UK-Rwanda asylum partnership since the initial announcement of the MEDP on 14 April 2022."
UNHCR Note on the "Externalization" of International Protection (UNHCR, May 2021) [text]
- See also related Annex.
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